can I have one domain with the main content on 1 server, but with a subfolder "/blog/" for example, on another? How would this be configured?

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billiards
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The easiest way is to have www.yoursite.com on server A then create a sub domain blog.yoursite.com on server B.

Note: As you are using 2 servers you should have 2 independent nameservers as if you put nameserver work on just one server and it fails you loose both the main site and blog.

If you are using cPanel on both servers then:

• EnableDNS clustering between them with all records synchronised both ways
• Create an account on Server A for yoursite.com
• Create an account on Server B for blog.yoursite.com
• Update the nameserver fields of your domain name so that ns1 is for Server A and ns2 is for Server B
• Enjoy

If you are not using cPanel then:

• Set up server A with Apache for the main site.
• Set up server B with Apache for the blog.
• Edit your DNS record and insert the IP of server A for www and the main domain, insert the IP of server B for blog

If you don't want to use subdomains but folders then I think you're going to be looking at some sort of load balancer system, however if you went that route you may as well have both servers working together to deliver both sites. A solution currently escapes me.

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Are you doing this for organic search engine optimization reasons, for cross-linking from different severs? I wouldn't. Having an algorithm penalty attatched to your web site, without you knowing, will considerable reduce engine traffic.

What I do is focus on reducing to eliminating all possible engine algorithm penalties. My goal is permanent top rank at all organic listings.

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